Llm
Multi-Head Attention in Transformers
In this blog, we will learn about Multi-Head Attention in Transformers. We will understand what it is, how it works step by step, and why it gives Transformers their power to understand language so well.
Cross Attention in Transformers
In this blog, we will learn about Cross Attention in Transformers. We will understand what it is, how it works step by step, how it is different from Self Attention, and where it is used.
Self Attention in Transformers
In this blog, we will learn about Self Attention in Transformers. We will understand what it is, how it works step by step, and why it is the heart of modern Large Language Models like BERT and GPT.
AI Agent Loop
In this blog, we will learn about the AI Agent Loop - what it is, why an AI Agent needs it, the think-act-observe cycle that powers it, how the loop knows when to stop, and the common ways the loop fails.
AI Agent Observability
In this blog, we will learn about AI Agent Observability. We will also see why we need it, how it is different from normal software monitoring, what we must observe inside an agent, the key concepts like traces and spans, the metrics we must track, the tools we can use, and the best practices to follow.
How AI Agents Communicate
In this blog, we will learn about how AI agents communicate. We will understand why agents need to communicate, the main ways they talk to each other, the message format, and the protocols that make agents work together to finish complex tasks.
AI SubAgents
In this blog, we will learn about AI SubAgents. We will understand what they are, why we need them, how they work, and how to use them to build AI systems that can handle big and complex tasks.
LLM Evaluation
In this blog, we will learn about LLM Evaluation. We will understand what it is, why we need it, the main types of evaluation, the automatic metrics and benchmarks we can use, human evaluation, LLM as a Judge, task-specific and safety evaluation, the common challenges, and the best practices to follow.
AI Agent Evaluation
In this blog, we will learn about AI Agent Evaluation. We will also see why it is different from LLM Evaluation, the types of evaluation we can do, the key metrics we must track, the methods we can use, and the best practices to follow.
AI Orchestration
In this blog, we will learn about AI Orchestration. We will understand what it is, why we need it, how it is different from AI Agents, and the common patterns we use to coordinate multiple LLMs, tools, and steps together to build real AI products.
LLM as a Judge
In this blog, we will learn about LLM as a Judge. We will also see how it works, why we need it, and how we can use it to evaluate the output of other LLMs.
Recursive Language Models (RLMs)
In this blog, we will learn about Recursive Language Models (RLMs), a new way of using language models to handle very large inputs that do not fit in the model's context window.
Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO)
In this blog, we are going to learn about Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO). We will also see how GRPO works step-by-step and when to use it based on our use case.
Direct Preference Optimization (DPO)
In this blog, we are going to learn about Direct Preference Optimization (DPO). We will also see how DPO works step-by-step and how it differs from RLHF (PPO).
Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)
In this blog, we are going to learn about Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO). We will also see how PPO works step-by-step and how it is used in training Large Language Models with RLHF.
Batch Normalization vs Layer Normalization
In this blog, we are going to learn about Batch Normalization vs Layer Normalization. We will also see how Batch Normalization and Layer Normalization differ from each other and when to use which one.
Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF)
In this blog, we will learn about Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF), the training technique that turns a raw pre-trained LLM into a helpful, honest, and safe assistant by teaching it from human preferences.
Large Reasoning Models (LRMs)
In this blog, we will learn about Large Reasoning Models (LRMs), how they are different from standard Large Language Models, how they think before they answer, how they are trained, and when we must use them.
Continuous Batching in LLMs
In this blog, we will learn about Continuous Batching, a technique that lets LLM servers handle many more users at the same time by keeping the GPU busy at every single step of generation.
Small Language Models (SLMs)
In this blog, we will learn about Small Language Models (SLMs), what counts as small, why they matter, where they shine, and the trade-offs we must keep in mind.
LLM Routing
In this blog, we will learn about LLM Routing, why it matters, and how to send each user query to the right LLM based on cost, latency, and quality.
Context Engineering
In this blog, we will learn about Context Engineering - what it is, why it has become the most important skill for building reliable AI applications, how it differs from Prompt Engineering, the components that make up the context, common patterns like RAG, few-shot examples, tools, and memory, and the best practices and common mistakes to keep in mind.
Reflection Agent
In this blog, we will learn about the Reflection Agent - what it is, how it is built, its anatomy, how it generates, critiques, and revises its own work, and how to handle its common failure modes.
Speculative Decoding
In this blog, we will learn about Speculative Decoding - what it is, why LLM generation is slow without it, how a small draft model and a big target model work together to produce tokens faster, the rejection sampling math that guarantees no quality loss, real numbers showing the 2x to 3x speedup, where it is used in production, and the trade-offs to watch out for.
GraphRAG
In this blog, we will learn about GraphRAG and how it improves retrieval by using a knowledge graph along with vector search.
Plan-and-Execute Agent
In this blog, we will learn about the Plan-and-Execute Agent - what it is, its anatomy, how it plans and runs the steps, how it differs from a ReAct Agent, and how to handle its common failure modes.
Agentic RAG
In this blog, we will learn about Agentic RAG - what it is, why standard RAG falls short, the agentic RAG loop, the three building blocks, the common patterns, when to use it, and the limitations to keep in mind.
ReAct Agent
In this blog, we will learn about the ReAct Agent - what it is, how it is built, its anatomy, how it thinks and acts, and how to handle its common failure modes.
Multi-Agent Systems
In this blog, we will learn about Multi-Agent Systems - what they are, the three pillars that hold them together, the common agent roles, how agents communicate and coordinate, the trade-offs, and when to use them.
AI Agent Memory
In this blog, we will learn about AI Agent Memory - why agents need it, the memory stack, the four core operations (write, read, update, forget), how memory flows at runtime, and the common mistakes.
AI Agent Explained
In this blog, we will learn about the AI Agent - what it is, how it is different from a plain LLM, its five core parts, how it works end to end, the main types, and when to use one.
RMSNorm (Root Mean Square Layer Normalization)
In this blog, we will learn about RMSNorm, a faster and simpler alternative to Layer Normalization that powers most modern Large Language Models like Llama, Mistral, Gemma, Qwen, PaLM, and DeepSeek.
Decoding DeepSeek-V4
In this blog, we will learn about DeepSeek-V4, the new family of open Mixture-of-Experts language models that natively supports a one-million-token context with dramatically lower inference cost.
LoRA - Low-Rank Adaptation of LLMs
In this blog, we will learn about LoRA - Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Models.
Math Behind RoPE (Rotary Position Embedding)
In this blog, we will learn about the math behind Rotary Position Embedding (RoPE) and why it is used in modern Large Language Models.
Grouped Query Attention
In this blog, we will learn about Grouped-Query Attention (GQA) and how it differs from Multi-Head Attention (MHA).
Math Behind Cross-Entropy Loss
In this blog, we will learn about the math behind Cross-Entropy Loss with a step-by-step numeric example.
Math Behind Gradient Descent
In this blog, we will learn about the math behind gradient descent with a step-by-step numeric example.
Feed-Forward Networks in LLMs
In this blog, we will learn about Feed-Forward Networks in LLMs - understanding what they are, how they work inside the Transformer architecture, why every Transformer layer needs one, and what role they play in making Large Language Models so powerful.
Decoding Flash Attention in LLMs
In this blog, we will learn about Flash Attention by decoding it piece by piece - understanding why standard attention is slow, what makes Flash Attention fast, how it uses GPU memory cleverly, and why it is used in almost every modern Large Language Model (LLM).
Mixture of Experts Explained
In this blog, we will learn about the Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture - understanding what experts are, how the router picks them, why MoE makes large models faster and cheaper, and why it powers many of today''s most powerful Large Language Models (LLMs).
Decoding Transformer Architecture
In this blog, we will learn about the Transformer architecture by decoding it piece by piece - understanding what each component does, how they work together, and why this architecture powers every modern Large Language Model (LLM)
Math Behind Backpropagation
In this blog, we will learn about the math behind backpropagation in neural networks.
Math behind √dₖ Scaling Factor in Attention
In this blog, we will learn about why we scale the dot product attention by √dₖ in the Transformer architecture with a step-by-step numeric example.
Math behind Attention - Q, K, and V
In this blog, we will learn about the math behind Attention - Query(Q), Key(K), and Value(V) with a step-by-step numeric example.
Harness Engineering in AI
In this blog, we will learn about Harness Engineering in AI.
Byte Pair Encoding in LLMs
In this blog, we will learn about BPE (Byte Pair Encoding) - the tokenization algorithm used by most modern Large Language Models (LLMs) to break text into smaller pieces before processing it.
Paged Attention in LLMs
In this blog, we will learn about Paged Attention, a technique that solves the memory waste problem of KV Cache, allowing LLMs to serve many more users at the same time.
KV Cache in LLMs
In this blog, we will learn about KV Cache - where K stands for Key and V stands for Value - and why it is used in Large Language Models (LLMs) to speed up text generation.
Causal Masking in Attention
In this blog, we will learn about the Causal Masking in Attention.